卫生部办公厅关于查处部分不合格化妆品的通知

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-04 21:25:03   浏览:8992   来源:法律资料网
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卫生部办公厅关于查处部分不合格化妆品的通知

卫生部办公厅


卫生部办公厅关于查处部分不合格化妆品的通知

卫办监督发〔2008〕156号


各省、自治区、直辖市卫生厅局,新疆生产建设兵团卫生局:

根据我部2008年国家公共卫生重点监督检查计划,部分省(区、市)卫生行政部门对辖区内的批发市场、超市、美容美发店、化妆品专卖店经营销售的发胶类、宣称有祛斑或美白功能化妆品进行了监督抽检,发现3种甲醇含量超标的发胶类化妆品、15种汞含量超标的宣称有祛斑或美白功能化妆品和14种产品标签标识说明书不合格的化妆品(分别见附件1、2)。为保护消费者身体健康,根据《化妆品卫生监督条例》有关规定,现通知如下:

一、地方各级卫生行政部门要责令化妆品经营单位立即停止销售上述不合格产品,对发现继续经营上述不合格产品的经营单位依法予以查处。

二、上述不合格产品生产企业所在地的卫生行政部门要依据《化妆品卫生监督条例》对相关生产企业予以查处,并责令其公告收回不合格产品。

附件:1.卫生指标不合格的化妆品名单
2.标签、标识、说明书不合格的化妆品名单



二○○八年八月十五日

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市人民政府办公室关于印发六盘水市民办教育管理暂行办法的通知

贵州省六盘水市人民政府办公室


市人民政府办公室关于印发六盘水市民办教育管理暂行办法的通知


  
各县、特区、区人民政府,各经济开发区管委会,市人民政府各部门、各单位,中央、省属驻市行政企事业单位:
  《六盘水市民办教育管理暂行办法》已经市人民政府同意,现印发给你们,请结合实际认真贯彻执行。


  二○一一年九月二日


  六盘水市民办教育管理暂行办法


  第一章 总 则
  第一条 为加强和规范民办教育的管理,促进我市民办教育事业健康持续发展,根据《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》、《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法实施条例》和《贵州省人民政府关于促进民办教育大发展的意见》(黔府发〔2011〕25号)等,结合我市民办教育发展实际,制定本办法。
  第二条 本办法所称的民办学校,是指经教育、人力资源和社会保障行政部门批准,利用非国家财政性经费,由企事业单位、社会组织或公民个人在本市行政区域内面向社会举办的学校及其它教育机构。
  民办教育实行分级审批和属地管理原则。教育行政部门主管本行政区域内的民办教育工作,人力资源和社会保障等有关部门在各自职责范围内,分别负责有关的民办教育工作。
  第三条 民办学校必须遵守国家法律法规,贯彻国家教育方针,执行国家路线方针政策,接受政府有关部门的管理、监督、检查、评估和审计。
  民办学校必须遵循《中华人民共和国教育法》的规定,实行教育与宗教相分离,不得进行宗教活动和宗教宣传,不得利用宗教进行妨碍国家教育制度的活动。
  第四条 各级人民政府应建立教育、国土资源、物价、财政、税务、民政、金融、人资社保等部门参加的民办教育发展联席会议制度,定期研究和解决民办教育发展中存在的问题。
  各级人民政府应当对出资举办民办学校表现突出或者为民办教育事业发展做出其他突出贡献的社会组织或者个人给予表彰和奖励。
  第二章 民办学校的举办者
  第五条 举办民办学校的企事业单位、社会组织应当具有法人资格,举办民办学校的公民个人应当具有政治权利、完全民事行为能力和法律法规规定的其他条件。民办学校存续期间,举办者被剥夺政治权利或丧失完全民事行为能力,其举办者资格自动消失。
  第六条 民办学校的举办者可以是多个。多个举办者联合举办民办学校的,应当签订联合举办协议,明确办学宗旨、培养目标及各方的出资数额、方式和权利义务等。
  第七条 民办学校的举办者应当按时、足额履行出资义务。举办者可以用资金、实物、土地使用权、知识产权以及其他财产作为办学出资。
  举办者不得向学生、学生家长筹集资金举办民办学校。
  民办学校对举办者、其他出资者的出资资金出具出资证明,在学校章程中规定举办者、其他出资者的权利和义务。
  第八条 公办学校参与举办民办学校,必须经教育主管部门同意。不得利用国家财政性资金,不得影响公办学校正常教育教学活动;所举办的民办学校须具有独立的校园,独立经费核算和人事管理,独立颁发学业证书。
  第三章 民办学校的设立与审批
  第九条 设立民办学校应当符合本市教育发展需求,具备《民办教育促进法》和其他有关法律法规规定的条件。
  新设立的民办学校的最低规模要求为:幼儿园不低于6个班,小学不低于6个班,中学不低于6个班。场地建筑要求为:幼儿园、小学生均校舍建筑面积不低于2.5㎡,生均绿化面积不低于0.5㎡,生均占地面积不低于4㎡;中学生均校舍建筑面积不低于3㎡,生均绿化面积不低于0.5㎡,生均占地面积不低于5㎡,中小学幼儿园要有集体做操的活动场地。有12个班以上的小学、中学要有60m直跑道。
  非学历教育的民办职业培训学校的设立,其办学规模、办学资金、教学场地、教学管理人员等参照《贵州省民办职业培训学校申办条件》的要求。
  其他设置标准参照同级同类公办学校的设置标准执行。
  已获得批准设立的民办学校于2013年12月底前通过扩建或租赁等形式达到上述标准。
  第十条 申请设立的民办学校不得选址在其周边有环境污染、开敞水塘、高压变压器、液化储气柜等危险源的地方。校舍建筑应当通风良好、光线充足,疏散通道符合要求。学校必须配备符合消防安全要求的消防器材。
  第十一条 民办学校选址应符合全市教育合理布局和当地城镇建设规划的要求:同级同类民办学历教育学校应相距300米以上。同一区域内的幼儿园、小学、初中等同类民办学校不得过于集中,原则上每所小学、初中的人口覆盖率不低于2万人。
  第十二条 民办学校设立实行分级审批。
  普通高级中学、中等职业技术教育学校由市教育行政部门审批,报省教育厅备案;普通初中、职业初中、小学、学前教育机构(幼儿园)由县(特区、区)教育行政部门审批,报市教育行政部门备案。
  实施以文化教育培训为主的民办学校,由教育行政部门审批;实施以职业技能培训为主的民办学校和技工学校由市人力资源和社会保障行政部门审批,报市级教育行政部门备案。
  第十三条 民办学校设立实行分类审核。申请设立艺术、体育、军事国防等类别民办学校,由类别业务主管部门按业务部门的有关规定审核,教育行政部门审批。
  第十四条 申请设立的民办学校含有多个层次,按最高层级对应审批。初级中等及以下层级的大型民办学校,需要使用“六盘水市”冠名的,可提升到上一级行政部门审批。
  教育研究机构、设计培训机构、文化教育推广中心等以文化教育为主的培训机构,按其层次由相应教育行政部门审批。
  第十五条 民办学校的名称应当体现学校所在行政区域(地域)、办学层次、办学类别、办学特色。其标准为:地名冠名+名称冠名+层次+类别。未经市教育行政部门和人力资源和社会保障行政部门同意,不得冠以“六盘水”、“凉都”等字样。
  第十六条 申请设立民办教育机构,举办者应当向审批机关提交以下材料:
  申办报告、举办者的身份、资格证明文件、拟任校长以及拟聘教师的身份和资格证明、验资证明、拟办学校的章程和发展规划、教学用房产权或租赁证明。
  第十七条 审批机关受理申请后,应当组织评议,在规定的时限范围内以书面形式作出是否许可的决定,并送达申请人。对批准设立的民办教育学校,审批机关应当颁发《办学许可证》,并将批准设立的民办学校及其章程向社会公告。
  第十八条 经批准设立的民办学校,应凭《民办学校办学许可证》及时到相关部门办理法人登记、组织机构代码、收费许可证、校长核准和其他备案手续,并刻制印章、开立银行帐户,在核准的业务范围内开展活动。
  民办学校成立后对学校所有资产享有占有、使用、收益、处置的权利,任何组织和个人不得侵占和非法干涉。
  第四章 民办学校的行政管理
  第十九条 民办学校必须成立董事会。民办学校实行董事会领导下的校长负责。中小型学校董事会成员不得少于3人,大型学校董事会成员不得少于5人。
  第二十条 民办学校校长依法独立行使教育教学和行政管理职权。民办学校内部组织机构的设置方案应由民办学校校长提出,报学校董事会批准。
  第二十一条 民办学校应当建立健全行政管理机构,完善管理制度,做到机构落实、人员落实、制度落实、工作落实。学校至少设办公室、教务处、总务处,要保证办公室上班时有人值守。校长非公外出5天以上的要报主管部门同意。
  第二十二条 民办学校要明确学校安全分管领导,并按在校生499人以下配备2—3名,500—999人配3—5名,1000人以上按3‰的比例配足安全保卫人员。要以师生人身安全和学校财产安全为重点,加强学生管理、校园管理、卫生管理、饮食安全管理、消防安全管理等各项安全管理工作。
  第二十三条 民办学校要加强综治稳定管理,师生集体外出和学校大型活动要向当地教育、人力资源和社会保障部门报告;接受境外组织或个人的捐赠、境外新闻媒体采访、对外交流合作,报审批机关备案。
  第五章 民办学校的招生管理
  第二十四条 经批准设立的民办学校,取得《民办学校办学许可证》后方可招生。民办学校招生必须按照审批的规定开展招生活动,不得超越专业门类、办学层次等招生。
  民办高中招生纳入全市统筹招生计划。受委托承担义务教育任务的民办学校纳入当地划片招生范围。
  第二十五条 学校刊登、张贴、发布招生广告和招生简章,必须按照规定报审批机关审核备案。宣传内容必须真实、准确,不得夸大其词,不得含糊其辞,不得作虚假许诺,不得作带有欺骗性、诱惑性的失实宣传。
  第二十六条 招生宣传过程中,不得采取给予回扣、返还费用等不正当的方式招生,不得采取贬低他人抬高自己的宣传方式。严禁学校为了生源竞争故意压低收费标准。
  第二十七条 民办学校新生入学注册按同级同类公办学校的有关规定办理。学校应建立健全学生学籍档案管理制度,新生入校后将学生姓名、性别、年龄、文化程度、家庭住址、录取成绩等学生信息报主管部门备案。
  第六章 民办学校的教师管理
  第二十八条 民办学校教师享受公办教师同等法律地位,各级人民政府要落实民办学校教师在资格认定、职称评定、评估评模、培训进修等方面的同等待遇。
  民办学校要高度重视教师队伍建设,努力建造一支专职和兼职相结合,结构合理、素质较高、相对稳定的教师队伍。
  学历教育民办学校和幼儿园专职教师不得低于任教教师总数的2/3,其他民办学校专职教师不得低于任教教师总数的1/3。
  第二十九条 民办学校聘用的教师,必须具备相应的教师资格和任职条件,必须遵纪守法,没有受过实刑的刑事处罚,没有受过开除公职处分。学校与聘用的教师要签订固定期劳动合同,保障教师的工资和福利待遇,按有关规定为教师缴纳社会保险。
  经批准聘请外籍教师的学校,应当按照有关规定选聘教师。学校不得擅自出借外籍教师。
  学校要建立健全教师的个人档案,做好教师的各项考核工作。
  第三十条 民办学校要在聘用专职教师后的7个工作日内将聘用专职教师的基本情况报教育行政部门审查。教育行政部门要在5个工作日内完成对民办学校所报的教师的资质审查,经审查合格由教育行政部门为其建立从教档案(同时报同级人力资源和社会保障部门备案),参照公办教师年度考核方式对民办学校教师进行年度考核。
  民办学校聘用的专职教育教学管理人员等同教师待遇。
  民办学校对教育行政部门审查合格的专职教师,到当地人力资源和社会保障部门所属的人才交流中心为其办理人事代理。
  第三十一条 民办学校专职教师聘用期满后,学校继续聘用的,学校要将续聘合同报教育行政部门。转聘到其他民办学校的,由原学校签出聘用结束证明,新聘学校将其聘用结束合同证明和新聘合同报教育行政部门备案,该专职教师工龄计为连续工龄。新聘用学校到当地人力资源和社会保障部门所属的人才交流中心为其办理转代理手续。
  第三十二条 民办学校要按《住房公积金管理条例》的规定和《六盘水市住房分配货币化改革方案实施细则》的要求,办理专职教师住房公积金缴存手续,并按专职教师上一年度月平均工资总额10%的比例为专职教师缴纳住房公积金。
  第三十三条 民办学校要经常组织教师开展教育教学和科研活动,支持符合条件的教师申报职称晋升和科研项目,表彰、奖励在教育教学和科研工作中成绩突出的人员,充分调动教师的工作积极性。要通过在职学习、脱产进修等形式,有计划地对教师进行培训,不断提高教师的教学和科研水平。
  第三十四条 民办学校要认真贯彻《中华人民共和国教师法》,维护教师的合法权益,教师无重大过错不得随意解聘。对出现重大过错不再适合担任教师工作的人员,应履行相应的解聘手续,并报主管部门备案。
  第七章 民办学校的教育教学管理
  第三十五条 民办学校应根据办学层次、专业设置与规划规模,建设相应的教学、实验、实习设施和生活、运动场所,保证教育教学活动的正常开展。
  第三十六条 民办学校要建立健全各项教学管理制度,并认真组织实施。从事学历教育的民办学校,要按法律法规的要求安排好教学活动,开齐课程,开足课时,合理安排好节假日。未经主管部门同意,不得随意延长或缩短节假日时间。民办学校不得组织学生外出参加商业庆典、商品推介、产品体验等活动。
  第三十七条 民办学校应按照教学计划和教学大纲实施教学,保证完成教学计划规定的全部课程(包括实验和实习课),禁止随意缺课、漏课、删减课时。
  第三十八条 民办学校要按照同级同类公办学校的要求对学生实施管理,加强学生德育工作,严肃校风校纪,严格学生学业水平考试和考风考纪,准确、完整记录学生的学业成绩,及时为学生办理毕(结)业手续。
  第八章 民办学校的财务管理
  第三十九条 民办学校要按照《中华人民共和国会计法》和国家统一的会计制度进行会计核算,建立健全内部财务、资产管理制度,按期编制和报送会计报表。
  民办学校财务管理人员,必须具备会计从业资格。民办学校应有年度和中长期财务计划,坚持量力而行、收支平衡、留有储备的原则合理使用办学资金。
  第四十条 民办学校向学生收费,由民办学校向批准成立的教育或人力资源和社会保障部门提出申请,经审核后报物价部门审批(备案)。学校要按照物价部门审批(备案)的收费项目和标准收费。学习期限在一年以上的,按学期收费;学习期限在一年以下的,按实际学习期限收费。严禁学校自立收费项目、自定收费标准和跨学年收费。
  民办学校要严格执行《贵州省民办教育收费管理暂行办法实施细则》,按规定进行收费公示。严禁向学生收取“建校基金”、“教育储备金”等违规费用。
  民办学校收费应使用登记部门或主管部门规定的统一票据。
  第四十一条 民办学校办学经费只能在学校使用的基本账户中统一管理使用,不得转往学校账户以外的其它账户,否则按抽逃资金论处。学校存续期间不得以任何方式抽逃资金和挪用办学经费。
  第四十二条 教育、人力资源和社会保障部门要加强民办学校财务管理、监督和指导,定期组织财务状况审计;对财务管理混乱,弄虚作假,抽逃办学资金等情节严重的,要责令其停止招生、吊销办学许可证。构成犯罪的,依法追究其法律责任。
  第九章 扶持与奖励
  第四十三条 新建、扩建民办学校,市、县(特区、区)人民政府按照公益事业用地及建设的规定给予优先优惠。教育用地不得改变用途。
  新建扩建的幼儿园投资在600万元、小学投资在800万元、中学(中等职业教育学校)和其它教育机构投资在1000万元以上的,其建设用地由所在地的县(特区、区)政府划拨,其土地费用按政府零收益土地价格计算,由举办者负责。总投资额在2000万元以上的,其土地由所在地县(特区、区)政府无偿划拨。
  第四十四条 民办学校聘用的专职教师达到法定退休年龄的,其基本养老保险缴费年限累计满15年的,由学校所在地社会保险机构按企业职工基本养老保险制度核定基本养老金,并按月足额发放。
  民办学校聘用的专职教师,在六盘水市内民办学校连续任教20年,或在市内各民办学校累计任教达25年的,且按规定按时足额缴纳社会保险,未违反国家法律法规和政策的,到达法定退休年龄后享受公办教师退休待遇,由学校所在地教育行政部门发放退休工资。其基本养老金与退休工资差额部分由同级财政补助。
  第四十五条 公办学校自愿应聘到民办学校任教,经所在学校批准,并一直在市内民办学校任教,年度考核均为及格的,其原有公办教师身份不变。但其在民办学校工作期间,其社会保险、住房公积金,改由民办学校按所在地公办教师标准缴纳,其工资由聘用学校解决,原档案工资作为调资、晋级、计算退休费用的依据,退休后回原学校享受同类退休教师待遇。
  第四十六条 民办学校学生在升学、转学、考试、申请国家助学货款、国家奖学金、免学费和交通优惠、医疗保险、户籍迁移、先进评选等与公办学校学生享受同等权利。以学生名义享受的国家和省拨付的生均公用经费,由教育和财政部门划拨给民办学校。
  第四十七条 民办学校建设规费、资产过户费等行政性收费和服务性收费与公办学校享受同等政策待遇。
  民办学校在车辆使用、用水用气用电、卫生防疫等方面享受公办学校同等待遇。
  民办学校享受国家规定的税收优惠政策。
  第四十八条 设立民办教育发展专项资金。市、县(特区、区)人民政府分别设立民办教育发展专项资金,用来资助和奖励民办学校。每个民办教育发展专项资金的基数不低于100万元。从2012年起,市级财政每年至少安排200万元作为市本级民办教育发展专项资金,并做到逐年增长;县(特区、区)财政除了保证民办教育专项资金基数外,每年应安排不低于100万元的民办教育发展专项资金。民办教育发展资金由同级教育行政部门和财政部门掌握使用,审计部门实施监督。
  第四十九条 各级人民政府和各有关部门,在教育工程项目、教育奖励项目、捐资助学项目、各种等级评定、对外交流合作等物质和精神方面,在政策范围内与公办学校同等待遇考虑或适当优先考虑民办学校。
  各有关部门在民办学校参加的资格认定、职称评定、校长岗位培训、教师进修学习、各种等级认定、项目评选等时,要给予适当减免费用等方面的优惠。
  第五十条 县级人民政府根据本行政区域实施义务教育的总体规划,可以与经批准的义务教育阶段民办学校签订委托办学协议,委托其承担义务教育任务。县级人民政府按当地生均教育经费标准,向被委托的民办学校拨付相应的经费。
  第十章 民办学校的变更与终止
  第五十一条 民办学校的分立、合并,在进行财务清算后,由其董事会报审批机关批准。
  第五十二条 民办学校举办者或举办者出资额的变更,须由举办者提出,在进行财务清算后,经其董事会同意,报审批机关核准。
  第五十三条 民办学校名称、层次、类别的变更,由董事会报审批机关批准。
  第五十四条 民办学校终止时,应当依法进行财务清算。   民办学校终止时,先由审批机关收回《办学许可证》、印章和财务凭证,然后到登记机关办理注销登记手续。登记机关发给注销证明文件,收缴登记证书。
  第十一章 法律责任
  第五十五条 有下列情形之一的,由审批机关根据《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法实施条例》的规定,没收出资取得的回报,责令停止招生;情节严重的,吊销其《民办学校办学许可证》;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:
  (一)民办学校的章程未规定出资人要求取得合理回报,而出资人擅自取得回报的;
  (二)违反本办法规定,不得取得回报而取得回报的;
  (三)出资人不从办学结余而从民办学校的其他经费中提取回报的;
  (四)不依照有关规定计算办学结余或者确定取得回报比例的;
  (五)出资人从办学结余中取得回报的比例过高,产生恶劣社会影响的。
  第五十六条 民办学校管理混乱严重,由审批机关或者其他有关部门根据《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法实施条例》的规定,责令限期改正,并予以警告;有违法所得的,退还所收费用后没收违法所得;情节严重的,责令停止招生、吊销其《民办学校办学许可证》;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任:
  (一)校舍或者其他教育教学设施、设备存在重大安全隐患,未及时采取措施的;
  (二)教学条件明显不能满足教学要求、教育教学质量低下,未及时采取措施的;
  (三)在专职教师登记管理考核中弄虚作假的;
  (四)未按《中华人民共和国物权法》要求建立学校法人产权管理制度,或未依照国家统一的会计制度进行会计核算、编制财务会计报告,财务、资产管理混乱的;
  (五)未按规定建立管理董事会,或董事会形同虚设,或校长有名无实的;
  (六)侵犯受教育者的合法权益,产生恶劣社会影响的;
  (七)不及时办理专职教师人事代理手续,或不肯提供专职教师结束聘用证明,或随意解聘教师的;
  (八)未按时为专职教师或自愿应聘到学校的公办教师缴纳社会保险和住房公积金的。
  第五十七条 对社会组织和个人擅自举办民办学校的,由审批机关及相关部门根据《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》第六十四条规定责令限期改正,经改正符合规定办学条件的,可以补办审批手续;逾期仍达不到办学条件的,责令停止办学,造成经济损失的,由该社会组织和个人依法承担赔偿责任。
  第五十八条 擅自将学校办学用地改作非教育用途或转让、抵押、出租的,属国有土地的由政府依法按原价收回土地;属集体所有土地的,由土地所有者依法按原价收回土地。
  第十二章 附 则
  第五十九条 本办法由市教育局负责解释。
  第六十条 本办法自印发之日起30日后施行。

Chapter IV
Function of Panels: Art. 11 of the DSU


OUTLINE


I Introduction
II Application of Art. 11 as a General Standard of Review
III Review in “neither de novo nor total defence”
IV Allegation against Panels’ Standard of Review
V Exercise of Judicial Economy





I Introduction
The function of panels is expressly defined in Art. 11 of the DSU, which reads as follows:

“The function of panels is to assist the DSB in discharging its responsibilities under this Understanding and the covered agreements. Accordingly, a panel should make an objective assessment of the matter before it, including an objective assessment of the facts of the case and the applicability of and conformity with the relevant covered agreements, and make such other findings as will assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in the covered agreements. Panels should consult regularly with the parties to the dispute and give them adequate opportunity to develop a mutually satisfactory solution.”

This provision suggests that the function of panels is to make an objective assessment such as to assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in the covered agreements. However, how do panels fulfill their functions as provided in Art. 11 of the DSU? It is the issue that we will touch on in this chapter. In this chapter, the author explores on the standard of review issue under the WTO, i.e. “an objective assessment”; as well as on the exercised judicial economy principle developed in panel’s review.
With regard to the standard of review issue, the GATT/WTO dispute settlement procedures have increasingly confronted questions concerning the degree to which an international body, under the GATT/WTO, should “second guess” a decision of a national government agency concerning economic regulations that are allegedly inconsistent with an international rule. It seems clear that the international agreement doesn’t permit a national government’s determination always to prevail, otherwise the international rules could be easily evaded or rendered ineffective. But should the international body approach the issues involved without any deference to the national government? It has been argued in the GATT/WTO proceedings that panels should respect national government determinations, up to some point. That “point” is the crucial issue that has sometimes been labelled the “standard of review”.1
Of course, this issue is not unique to the GATT/WTO. Naturally, the standard-of-review issue is one that many legal systems face. “The standard-of-review question is faced at least implicitly whenever sovereign members of a treaty yield interpretive and dispute settlement powers to international panels and tribunals. Moreover, as national economies become increasingly interdependent, and as the need for international cooperation and coordination accordingly becomes greater, the standard-of-review question will become increasingly important.” 2 And “it can be seen that the standard-of-review question is a recurring and delicate one, and one that to some extent goes to the core of an international procedure that must (in a rule-based system) assess a national government’s actions against treaty or other international norms”. 3
However, for the immediate purpose, we want to focus below on the more particular question of the proper standard of review for a WTO panel when it undertakes to examine a national government’s actions or rulings that engage the question of consistency with the various WTO agreements and are subject to the DSU procedures.

II Application of Art. 11 as a General Standard of Review
Under the WTO jurisprudence, it’s demonstrated that Art. 11 of the DSU has been applied as a general standard of review. Art. 11 suggests that the function of panels is to make “an objective assessment” so as to assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving the rulings provided for in the covered agreements.
For example, in US-Shirts and Blouses (DS33), the Panel rules that, “although the DSU does not contain any specific reference to standards of review, we consider that Article 11 of the DSU which describes the parameters of the function of panels, is relevant here”. 4
And the application of Art. 11 as a general standard of review under the DSU is analyzed systematically in EC-Hormones (DS26/DS48) where the Appellate Body rules that: 5
“The first point that must be made in this connection, is that the SPS Agreement itself is silent on the matter of an appropriate standard of review for panels deciding upon SPS measures of a Member. Nor are there provisions in the DSU or any of the covered agreements (other than the Anti-Dumping Agreement) prescribing a particular standard of review. Only Article 17.6(i) of the Anti-Dumping Agreement has language on the standard of review to be employed by panels engaged in the ‘assessment of the facts of the matter’. We find no indication in the SPS Agreement of an intent on the part of the Members to adopt or incorporate into that Agreement the standard set out in Article 17.6(i) of the Anti-Dumping Agreement. Textually, Article 17.6(i) is specific to the Anti-Dumping Agreement.
[…]
We do not mean, however, to suggest that there is at present no standard of review applicable to the determination and assessment of the facts in proceedings under the SPS Agreement or under other covered agreements. In our view, Article 11 of the DSU bears directly on this matter and, in effect, articulates with great succinctness but with sufficient clarity the appropriate standard of review for panels in respect of both the ascertainment of facts and the legal characterization of such facts under the relevant agreements […]”
In sum, for all but one of the covered agreements, Art. 11 of the DSU sets forth the appropriate standard of review for panels. As stated on more than one occasion, Art. 11 of the DSU, and, in particular, its requirement that “a panel should make an objective assessment of the matter before it, including an objective assessment of the facts of the case and the applicability of and conformity with the relevant covered agreements”, sets forth the appropriate standard of review for panels examining the consistency or inconsistency of alleged measures under the WTO jurisprudence. And the only exception is the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, in which a specific provision, Art. 17.6, sets out a special standard of review for disputes arising under that Agreement(to be discussed in subsequent chapter).6

III Review in “neither de novo nor total defence”
In EC-Hormones (DS26/DS48), in the view of the European Communities, “the principal alternative approaches to the problem of formulating the ‘proper standard of review’ so far as panels are concerned are two-fold. The first is designated as ‘de novo review’. This standard of review would allow a panel complete freedom to come to a different view than the competent authority of the Member whose act or determination is being reviewed. A panel would have to ‘verify whether the determination by the national authority was…correct (both factually and procedurally)’. The second is described as ‘deference’. Under a ‘deference’ standard, a panel, in the submission of the European Communities, should not seek to redo the investigation conducted by the national authority but instead examine whether the ‘procedure’ required by the relevant WTO rules had been followed”.7 In this respect, the Appellate Body rules that:8
“So far as fact-finding by panels is concerned, their activities are always constrained by the mandate of Article 11 of the DSU: the applicable standard is neither de novo review as such, nor ‘total deference’, but rather the ‘objective assessment of the facts’. Many panels have in the past refused to undertake de novo review, wisely, since under current practice and systems, they are in any case poorly suited to engage in such a review. On the other hand, ‘total deference to the findings of the national authorities’, it has been well said, ‘could not ensure an 'objective assessment' as foreseen by Article 11 of the DSU’.”
The ruling is confirmed on many other occasions. For example, the Panel on US-Underwear (DS24) finds that: 9
“In our opinion, a policy of total deference to the findings of the national authorities could not ensure an ‘objective assessment’ as foreseen by Article 11 of the DSU. This conclusion is supported, in our view, by previous panel reports that have dealt with this issue, and most notably in the panel report on the ‘Transformers’ case.
The panel in the ‘Transformers’ case was confronted with the argument of New Zealand that the determination of ‘material injury’ by the competent New Zealand investigating authority could not be scrutinized by the panel. The ‘Transformers’ panel responded to this argument as follows:
‘The Panel agreed that the responsibility to make a determination of material injury caused by dumped imports rested in the first place with the authorities of the importing contracting party concerned. However, the Panel could not share the view that such a determination could not be scrutinized if it were challenged by another contracting party. On the contrary, the Panel believed that if a contracting party affected by the determination could make a case that the importation could not in itself have the effect of causing material injury to the industry in question, that contracting party was entitled, under the relevant GATT provisions and in particular Article XXIII, that its representations be given sympathetic consideration and that eventually, if no satisfactory adjustment was effected, it might refer the matter to the CONTRACTING PARTIES, as had been done by Finland in the present case. To conclude otherwise would give governments complete freedom and unrestricted discretion in deciding anti-dumping cases without any possibility to review the action taken in the GATT. This would lead to an unacceptable situation under the aspect of law and order in international trade relations as governed by the GATT’.”
In short, for the panel to adopt a policy of total deference to the findings of the national authorities could not ensure an “objective assessment” as foreseen by Art. 11 of the DSU. This conclusion is supported, in our view, by previous panel reports that have dealt with this issue. However, panels do not see their review as a substitute for the proceedings conducted by national investigating authorities, either. For example, in Argentina-Footwear (DS121), the Panel doesn’t consider that they have the mandate to conduct a de novo review: 10
“This approach is consistent with the reports of panels reviewing national investigations… The panel on United States - Anti-dumping Duties on Import of Salmon from Norway concluded that it should not engage in a de novo review of the evidence examined by the national investigating authority.
The panel on United States - Underwear followed this approach by noting, however, that it did not see its ‘review as a substitute for the proceedings conducted by national investigating authorities or by the Textiles Monitoring Body (TMB). Rather…the Panel's function should be to assess objectively the review conducted by the national investigating authority, in this case the CITA. We draw particular attention to the fact that a series of panel reports in the anti-dumping and subsidies/countervailing duties context have made it clear that it is not the role of panels to engage in a de novo review. In our view, the same is true for panels operating in the context of the ATC, since they would be called upon, as in the cases dealing with anti-dumping and/or subsidies/countervailing duties, to review the consistency of a determination by a national investigating authority imposing a restriction under the relevant provisions of the relevant WTO legal instruments, in this case the ATC. …’
Accordingly, the panel on United States - Underwear decided, ‘in accordance with Article 11 of the DSU, to make an objective assessment of the Statement issued by the US authorities … which, as the parties to the dispute agreed, constitutes the scope of the matter properly before the Panel without, however, engaging in a de novo review. … an objective assessment would entail an examination of whether the CITA had examined all relevant facts before it, whether adequate explanation had been provided of how the facts as a whole supported the determination made, and, consequently, whether the determination made was consistent with the international obligations of the United States’.
The panel on United States - Shirts and Blouses also stated that ‘[t]his is not to say that the Panel interprets the ATC as imposing on the importing Member any specific method either for collecting data or for considering and weighing all the relevant economic factors upon which the importing Member will decide whether there is need for a safeguard restraint. The relative importance of particular factors including those listed in Article 6.3 of the ATC is for each Member to assess in the light of the circumstances of each case’.
These past GATT and WTO panel reports make it clear that panels examining national investigations in the context of the application of anti-dumping and countervailing duties, as well as safeguards under the ATC, have refrained from engaging in a de novo review of the evidence examined by the national authority.”
However, as emphasized by the Appellate Body, although panels are not entitled to conduct a de novo review of the evidence, nor to substitute their own conclusions for those of the competent authorities, this does not mean that panels must simply accept the conclusions of the competent authorities. In this respect, the phrase “de novo review” should not be used loosely. If a panel concludes that the competent authorities, in a particular case, have not provided a reasoned or adequate explanation for their determination, that panel has not, thereby, engaged in a de novo review. Nor has that panel substituted its own conclusions for those of the competent authorities. Rather, the panel has, consistent with its obligations under the DSU, simply reached a conclusion that the determination made by the competent authorities is inconsistent with the specific requirements of the covered Agreement. 11